![]() ![]() The images were designed by Carl Sagan and Frank Drake and were unique in that their graphical meanings were to be understandable to extraterrestrial beings, who would have no conception of human language.Ī pioneer in data visualization, Edward Tufte, wrote a series of books – Visual Explanations, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, and Envisioning Information – on the subject of information graphics. In 19, respectively, the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft included on their vessels the Pioneer Plaques, a pair of gold-anodized aluminum plaques, each featuring a pictorial message. The Toulmin Model of Argumentation became influential in argumentation theory and its applications. ![]() The diagram contained six interrelated components used for analyzing arguments and was considered Toulmin's most influential work, particularly in the field of rhetoric, communication, and computer science. ![]() ![]() In 1958 Stephen Toulmin proposed a graphical argument model, called The Toulmin Model of Argumentation. The included works also called metagraphics and hypergraphics, are a synthesis of writing and visual art. In 1942 Isidore Isou published the Lettrist manifesto, a document covering art, culture, poetry, film, and political theory. The method was also applied by IZOSTAT (ИЗОСТАТ) in the Soviet Union. Following the victory of Austrofascism in the Austrian Civil War, the team moved to the Netherlands where they continued their work rebranding it Isotypes (International System of Typographic Picture Education). Here simple images were used to represent data in a structured way. Gerd Arntz, Peter Alma and Augustin Tschinkel, all participants in this movement were recruited by Otto Neurath for the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum, where they developed the Vienna Method from 1926 to 1934. The Cologne Progressives developed an aesthetic approach to art that focused on communicating information. In addition to curating 500 photographs of the lives of Black Americans, Du Bois and his Atlanta University team of students and scholars created 60 handmade data visualizations to document the ways Black Americans were being denied access to education, housing, employment, and household wealth. Du Bois presented data visualizations at the Exposition Universelle (1900) in Paris, France. In 1900, the African-American historian, sociologist, writer, and Black rights activist, W.E.B. Other examples can be seen in the works of geographers Ritter and Alexander von Humboldt.Ĭircle graph shows percentage of African Americans and whites in various occupations. Such a map can be considered a "supersign" which combines sign systems-as defined by Charles Sanders Peirce-consisting of symbols, icons, indexes as representations. His maps included shared frames, agreed map legends, scales, repeatability, and fidelity. In his work, Statistical Breviary, he is credited with introducing the first pie chart.Īround 1820, modern geography was established by Carl Ritter. To represent the economy of 18th Century England, Playfair used statistical graphs, bar charts, line graphs, area charts, and histograms. In 1786, William Playfair, an engineer and political economist, published the first data graphs in his book The Commercial and Political Atlas. Infographics appeared in the form of illustrations demonstrating the Sun's rotation patterns. In 1626, Christoph Scheiner published the Rosa Ursina sive Sol, a book that revealed his research about the rotation of the sun. See also: Information visualization § History Early history While contemporary infographics often deal with "qualitative" or soft subjects, generally speaking, Tufte's 1983 definition still speaks, in a broad sense, to what infographics are, and what they do-which is to condense large amounts of information into a form where it will be more easily absorbed by the reader. Public places such as transit terminals usually have some sort of integrated "signage system" with standardized icons and stylized maps. Public transportation maps, such as those for the Washington Metro and the London Underground map, are well-known infographics. Modern maps, especially route maps for transit systems, use infographic techniques to integrate a variety of information, such as the conceptual layout of the transit network, transfer points, and local landmarks. The Snapshots in USA Today are also an example of simple infographics used to convey news and current events. Some books are almost entirely made up of information graphics, such as David Macaulay's The Way Things Work. In newspapers, infographics are commonly used to show the weather, as well as maps, site plans, and graphs for summaries of data. ![]()
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